Philosophy - Five faces of oppression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosophy - Five faces of oppression - Essay Example Young also offers a comprehensive understanding of oppression in its restricted appreciation since the existence of the oppressed does not necessarily imply the simultaneous existence of an oppressor. These five faces: Exploitation, Marginalization, Powerlessness, Cultural Imperialism and Violence are the main focus of the article. Exploitation can most vividly be designated in a Capitalist environment where labor is a means to propagate dominion. The evident injustice in the distribution of wealth among social classes is the main thrust of this category but it does not end there since social rules in work also define the inequality (Young, p.6). Defined as the most dangerous, Marginalization is best manifested with the material deprivation of one group over the others. Society has addressed this issue mainly by providing welfare dole outs and services to repress unrest among these people (ibid, p.9). Powerlessness is the lack of opportunity and respect that the oppressed suffer. â€Å"the powerless are situated so that they must take orders and rarely have the right to give them† (ibid, p.10). The imposition of dominance of one group over the others result to Cultural Imperialism since culture variations become a source of oppression through intolerance (ibid, p.10). Violence is an outward manifestatio n of systemic oppression where by the sole reason of belonging to a marginalized group, the members suffer this face of oppression. This is a recurring social practice and suggests degrees of perpetration (ibid, p.13). These five faces can be used as a gauge and as a way compare the level of oppression among the oppressed groups and the presence of any, as the author suggests, positively equates to

Researched on magazines Essay Example for Free

Researched on magazines Essay My magazine is called Flava and it is aimed at teenagers, as when I researched on magazines I found this one was quite popular. I spent 4 weeks on my magazine and put a lot of effort into it. Before I started to produce my magazine I planned out how I was going to set it out and what type of things I was going to include in it. I chose the above features, as they are the basic things included in a teenage magazine. I used Microsoft Publisher for the majority of it but I also used Microsoft word for things such as my real life stories. I found Publisher better because you get a wide variety of different backgrounds and formats whereas in Microsoft Word it is more basic. I used a number of different formats and fonts. I did a lot of research on the Internet using Yahoo and Google. I worked with another pupil in my class, Khiley Williams, and we both came up with our own ideas. The pages I produced was the, Dear Angel problem page, the album review of Christina Aguileras Stripped, dish of the day page, the real life story of How I coped with Anorexia, the front cover, the celebrity page (all the celebs dressed in black), and the whats hot and whats not page. The page which required the most research was the real life story but I also put a lot of effort into the front cover as I wanted to make it eye catching and interesting. I used Christina Aguilera on my front cover as she is hot and sexy and catches peoples eye as they look at the magazine. She is also a role model for a lot of young people so they would want to read anything that they see her on. The front of my magazine is bright pink as this also helps to draw peoples attention to it and would hopefully be intrigued as to what is inside it once they start looking over the cover. I used the band Busteds logo on my front cover as well as there is a feature on them inside the magazine. To get the logo I went onto the Official Busted website, www. busted. com, and had to cut, copy and paste it onto publisher. I then had to fill in its original red background with pink to match the background of my front cover. Also on the front cover, I have included the price, a barcode and a logo, Girls with taste get Flava. For my barcode I used the search engine Google and typed in barcodes. I found one and cut copied and pasted again.

Most Effective Management Style for a Modern Workplace

Most Effective Management Style for a Modern Workplace Executive Summary This leadership project is a study of effective leadership in modern business organizations. This project begins with an introduction on leadership, a review of leadership theories throughout the history and distinguishes between the focus of earlier literature on leadership which is central around leader characteristics styles and the new leadership theories of leadership development, transformational leadership, charismatic leadership, and visionary leadership. The next section is on the different leadership models and frameworks being applied and used in modern organizations. These models identify the responsibilities required of people holding leadership positions. The following section introduces Juthoor Development Services and discusses the type of leadership strategies and approaches that are used and applied in the company. The focus of leadership then is shifted to that of team leadership due to the practices in Juthoor Development Services. The section on Personal Leadership describes and evaluates my own leadership style and the leadership skills that need to be developed and enhanced. This section includes personal reflections and an extensive action plan on individual leadership. The project concludes with an overview on what was discussed and recommendations for better leadership which results in better performance. Introduction A leader is an individual that possesses a mixture of skills and styles that makes a team want to follow the leaders direction; hence leadership is the ability to motivate and influence a team to achieve a specific target and goal. Leadership is all about creating a vision and comprises the power to convert the vision into reality. Different styles of leadership, different kinds of leaders lead to different results in an organization. In the business world, leadership is generally related to performance. Effective leaders are those who have the ability to add value to their company by increasing its bottom lines. It is widely known that organizations all around the world lose because managers are not adequately skilled and knowledgeable. The main reason behind this issue is that managers are not aware of how important their role is in an organization. They are unaware of the necessity of leadership issues that should enter into all their decision-making activities. Literature Review Strategic leadership is fundamental for accomplishing and sustaining competitive advantage in this century (Ireland and Hitt, 1999). Effective leaders have been repetitively distinguished for their important role they play in identifying opportunities and making the right decisions that overall affect an organizations procedures and bottom line (Finkelstein et. Al, 1996). The effective and efficient skill leaders practice adds substantial business value to the organization. Review of academic research and studies on leadership expose a changing series of schools of thought starting from the Great Man theory to Transformational Leadership theory. Earlier, majority of leadership literature and study was mainly centered on leaders characteristics and leadership styles. According to (Yukl, 1998), great attention of earlier leadership studies were centered on the performance of lower-level management and how they should perform as they offer supervision, support and constructive feedback to their team However, this new century and modern research shows a new interest and fresh new perspective on leadership. Nowadays, research, studies and theories are focusing on leadership as a whole, followers and the relative nature of leadership in an organization. The rapid change in the business environment has made people think about leadership on different levels. Leithwood et al. (1999) believe that instead of looking only at the quality and characteristics of a lea der, our focus needs to be shifted to the leadership challenges in organizations and companies. They viewed leadership in term of their nature and the challenges faced which will result in developing leadership as a whole instead of just a single leader. The result and materialization that has come out from the new interest of studying leadership mainly focused on managing invariable change is called the New Paradigm model. Today, leaders steer a world that is undergoing continuous change. The New Paradigm model involves modern theories and styles such as charismatic leadership, visionary leadership and transformational leadership. Visionary leadership refers to the act of creating a practical, sensible, and solid vision of the future for a company (Nanus, 1992), Charismatic leadership involves creating a personality that is so influential that people are naturally drawn to the leader, and transformational leadership is a leadership style that forms positive transformation in followers. Transformational leadership is the style being promoted in modern organizations. Old models view leadership as a process that that entails motivating others takes place within a team and entails goal achievement (Northouse, 2001). Modern leadership focuses on leadership development and development of social capital. Other modern studies have emphasized on the relationship between leaders and their followers, some authors stress the importance of studying follower ship because leaders are followers and followers are leaders. The two entities are interconnected and are equally essential for the success of the organization. Leadership Is Not a Solo Act The picture of a heroic person who leaps in to save the day is what is engraved into our minds. But all gathered facts from studies imply that the constant success of a company is a collective and group effort rather than a single effort. Kouzes and Posner (2002) confirm that after studying numerous cases on effective leadership, they did not find any example of astonishing accomplishment that happened without the dynamic participation and support of many individuals. What is understood from this is that Leadership is a team endeavor. Without team work and the support of people a single person cannot get astonishing things done in a company. Dispersed Leadership A theory that is currently gaining interest and getting plenty of attention is the dispersed leadership. This type of leadership, with its basics in sociology and psychology defines leadership as a practice that is spread throughout a company rather than exclusively with the officially elected leader. The importance therefore transfers from developing leaders to developing leaderful companies with a communal accountability for leadership. The significances of group of people relationships in the leadership agreement, the requirement of a leader to be recognized and accepted by his/her followers and the understanding that no single person is the perfect leader in all situations have set a rise to a new school of leadership thought. The dispersed leadership theory introduces a less official approach to leadership where the leaders responsibility is separated from the organizational hierarchy. It is suggested that people at all levels in the organization and in all jobs can apply leadership influence over their peers and consequently influencing the whole leadership of the organization. Heifetz (1994) differentiates between the practice of leadership and the practice of power hence separating leadership from formal organizational power roles. Raelin (2003) discusses of developing leaderful organizations through simultaneous and combined effort. The first thing to do is make a clear distinction between the concept of leader and leadership. Leadership is referred as a method of logic-making and direction-giving inside a team and the leader can only be defined on the base of his/her association with others in the team who are acting as followers. Along these lines, it is fairly probable to visualize the leader as emergent rather than predefined and that the leaders responsibility can be implicit in the course of exploratory of the relationships within the team (other than by giving attention to the leaders personal character or qualities). Dispersed leadership demonstrates on notions such as organizational culture and environment to emphasize on the appropriate nature of leadership. It is a communal conception and suggests for a shift from the growth of individual leader characteristics to recognition of what comprises an effective leadership practice within a company. A shift in the spotlight from the individual leaders to the leadership relationships (amongst the leader and followers). Leadership Development Leadership development is the process of developing leadership practices and leaders in an organization. It focuses on creating and sustaining social assets as a whole. At the core of leadership developments involves the combined capability of individuals to set goals and successfully carry out leadership functions and roles to build a strong team that meets commitments and attains organizational goals. The accomplishment of goals and leadership activities should come with and without official authority. Saxenian (2006) has branded the new type of leaders that have emerged as New Argonauts who challenge the business and dynamically lead an organization despite the ongoing change in the business environment. According to Saxenian, these Argonauts leaders certainly echo todays leadership. (Argonauts where a brand of heroes in ancient Greek, source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauts). Transformational Leadership in modern organizations When companies adopted themselves to the constant evolutionary change, transactional management was in good turn of managing those changes. However, with the circumstances and situations of present organizations performance need undertaking some essential, transformational changes. And managing these changes needs new traits; one of these traits is applying transformational leadership in organizations. The book Leadership written by James MacGregor Burns in (1978) was one of the first books to introduce the concept of transformational leadership. Transformational leadership is where leaders transform their followers. This leadership theory holds high importance in this century especially in recent literature. Transformational leadership builds on the foundation of transactional leadership. Nevertheless, as Burns clearly affirms what is needed today is not the old traditional style of Transactional leadership, but the new style of Transformational leadership. Tichy and Devanna (1986) have researched leadership throughout the years and came up with a list of specific characteristics which distinguish transformational from transactional leaders. Some of these characteristics are listed below: Agents of Change: Transformational leaders encourage flat structures and flexible workplaces. They are able to get the organization to adapt quickly to change. Courage: Transformational leaders face reality and do not fear risk. Confidence in the followers: Transformational leaders have faith in their team members. They give them a boost and push when required and try their best to empower them. Life-long Learning: Transformational leaders believe in life-long education and attempt to extract lessons from experiences. Vision Capabilities: Transformational leaders see the big picture. Their visionary abilities are excellent. Live by their Values: Transformation leaders have values they live by. Passion and Enthusiasm: They pump their followers with their enthusiasm to get them going. Ability to face the unknown: Transformational leaders do not life with fear and are ready to face the worst situations knowing that they can handle anything that comes their way. According to Bass (1998), the transformational leader motivates followers to do more than formerly expected. Bass reveals that a leader is able to transform his/her followers by: Emphasizing on the significant of goal and task, by creating awareness Encouraging the followers to direct their efforts for the company Meeting the followers needs. Bass and Avolio (1994) have proposed five transformational styles that leaders typically display; these styles and behaviours are illustrated in the table below: Transformational Style Leader Behaviour Idealized Behaviors Speak about their values Emphasize the significance of having a sense of purpose Take into consideration the consequences of decisions made Support new opportunities Discuss the issue of trust amongst each other Inspirational Motivation Have an optimistic look about the future Talk with enthusiasm about what needs to be accomplished Articulate a compelling vision of the future State confidence about goal attainment Present a thrilling image and picture of what to consider Intellectual Stimulation Examination of critical issues Search for differing views when attempting to solve issues Encourage individuals to look at things from different perspectives Propose new methods of how to complete tasks Individualized Consideration Make time for mentoring and teaching Help others to build on their strengths Spend time listening to others personal needs Encourage personal development Idealized Attributes Lets others know that it is a pride being connected with them and Work to build others respect Show power and capability Assure everyone that barriers will be overcome In 2007, Hooper and Potter broaden the concept of transformational leadership and identified 7 types of competences of transformational leaders, these competences are: Building direction Being a Role Model Communication Arrangements and Grouping Get the best in his/her people Leader as a change representative Suggesting decision in a crucial situation Nature of Leadership in Modern Organizations Contemporary organizations take up a range of HR management and leadership activities to boost staff contentment and satisfaction. Efforts are centered on enhancing and raising the quality, expertise and capabilities of the employees. In addition, providing intensive training and development activities helps in improving the quality. Recent studies have given a lot of attention to emotional intelligence, especially transformational leadership. Emotional intelligence has become a major part of leadership in modern organizations. Emotional intelligence is a leaders capability to ones ability to be alert of ones personal feelings, be alert of employees feelings, to distinguish between them and to use the information to direct the leaders thoughts and behaviour. Emotional Intelligence contains three types of capabilities: assessment and expression of feelings, directive of feeling and using feelings in the decision-making process. According to Goleman (1998) emotional intelligence is twice as important as technical skills and IQ for jobs at all levels. Motivation is also an important element in leadership in modern organizations. The abilities of any employee will be limited if they are not encouraged and motivated to execute their jobs. According to Bass (1998), compensation, appraisals, incentives and job security can motive employees to achieve their assigned goals and execute their jobs effectively. As a leader, part of the job involves understanding employees and learning motivational strategies to enhance performance. The main challenge is that every employee is different, therefore, what may work for one employee wont work for the other. Communication has also been a major part of leadership. Up-ward and down-ward communication are equally important and need to be transparent and effective. A Leaders responsibility is to ensure such communication takes place and should eliminate all obstacles in the way of corporate communication. Team leadership is the most rapidly growing area of current research. Modern leaders in organizations do not think of themselves simply as a body of authority, but rather a team leader because they understand the significance of a team compared to just individuals. By understanding the skills of the team members and what motivates them, leaders earn respect from their style not solely because of their position. Culture and leadership Modern theory has shifted its attention to figure out what the link between leadership and culture and how leadership changes from one culture to another. Collins (2001) has revealed proof of leadership behaviours that are cross-cultural, and others that are culturally focused. However, studies and evidence on the relationship between the two elements (leadership and culture) are still very limited. John Adair Action Centred Leadership Model a model for team leadership According to Adair, the effectiveness of the leader relies on meeting three areas of need within the work group.The three parts of Adairs model are generally represented by 3 overlapping circles; this model is a helpful technique in assessing what effective leaders responsibilities are. The challenge for the leader is to manage all parts of the circles successfully. Task definition of task to be achieved Action plan allocation of job and resources managing the quality and time of effort monitor performance aligned with action plan amending the plan Team sustaining regulation and control encourage team work motivate team assign junior-leaders encourage and inspire team communication develop and build the team Individual listen to personal troubles and issues Appreciate and honour individuals give positions and ranks distinguish and use individual capabilities develop he individual To be able to meet the three areas within the work group, specific leadership roles have to be executed, these functions are: Awareness of what is happening in the work group and its processes. Being alert at all times. Understanding the functions and tasks that are required and the skill to accomplish and complete the task successfully. Case Study: Juthoor Development Services Juthoor development services are an organization comprising a team of real estate development professionals who provide comprehensive services to clients across the Middle East. Juthoor works with its clients through out the three critical phases of the development process (project feasibility, project implementation and development control). The complete organization is based on Team work, although each employee has an important role to play, their combined efforts is much more valuable. Jose Lora, is the CEO of the company and leader, heads the entire team of professionals. Juthoors vision Juthoor Development Services vision is to build the Oman of tomorrow. The employees key responsibility is to work towards this vision. The success of the organization lies in the employees ability to work as a team and build the Oman of tomorrow. Leadership in Juthoor Development Services The leaders relationship with his/her followers is extremely important. An organizations failure or success rate all relies on the leader and the nature of leadership. According to Robbins and Finley (2000), involvement and empowerment of the employees are two key behaviours a leader must possess. There are many ways a leader can strengthen the relationship with his/her followers. At Juthoor, the leader of the company understands the significance of the relationship between himself and the rest of the team. He adopts the following two behaviours: Asking questions instead of giving answers (For example, asking an employee How do we proceed on this? What do you think we should do next). This involvement gives a sense of purpose and satisfaction to the employees. This helps employees envision the goal and improve their efforts to achieve and excel in their part of the job. Giving followers the opportunity to lead (For example, asking an employee to lead a meeting or put an employee in charge of a task that the leader is taking part in). This empowerment gives the employee the confidence and helps him take ownership). Juthoor Development Services is a team-based organization. Therefore, the focus of this case study will be around team leadership. The Functional Model This model focuses on how a company and how the work group is being led rather than whom the leader is. This results in lesser time spent focusing on the person who is in the leadership role and instead put all the attention on the leadership function that is taking place. This model emphasizes on the nature of the work group and the followers of the leader. This is exactly what is taking place in Juthoor Development Services, work is done in teams and the team spirit in the company is high and ensures transparent communication. Due to the fact that Juthoor is a service provider for real estate development, the key to success is the collaboration of the team. The business is based on team work. A group of people together is not necessarily a team. A team is a number of people that get together that have high level of interdependence, working towards a common goal. (http://www.teal.org.uk/et/page5.html) A team has a number of advantages for an organization: Maximization of HR: team members are trained, coached by other members. Success or failure is not pointed at individuals, but rather the team as a whole. Greater outputs and results. A team is known to outperform a group of individuals. There is continuous improvement and development. The way a team is lead has a huge impact on the success. The leader in Juthoor is responsible and holds these values: Commitment to the team members as well as the mission that needs to be achieved The desire to support a team, serve and lead Experience, enthusiasm, and energy. The ability to build a team and achieve more as a team Team Leadership It is known that team work and team spirit are fundamental in enhancing the growth in an organization. The saying goes, Two heads are better than one. Taking up all the responsibility and working alone will only reach you so far; team work is required and is vital for desired results. Different individuals have different skills and talents, bring them together to work on a specific task or certain goal will prove that they would outperform any individual. According to Belbin (1993), there are two types of leaders; Solo leader and Team leader. The major difference between the two revolves around the behaviour and participation of the two as seen below: Solo Leader This type of leader interferes and sticks his/her nose in everything This type of leader delegates tasks and roles without interfering Attempts to mold the team members into specific standards Develops team members and encourages them to grow Collects acolytes Seeks talent and does not fear team members with special talents Team Leader Team leadership differs from Solo leadership in the following ways: (http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/educatrs/leadrshp/le2diffs.htm) Responsibility is shared among the team members and is not only burdened by the leader Control is left to the group and not just the leader. The leader views the team as a whole and not as individuals. Expression of needs are encouraged by the leader In todays business world with the rising complexity and the irregular nature of modern workplaces promote Team leaderships as opposed to Solo leadership. According to Belbin (1993), team leadership is not as natural as solo leadership, however he suggests that team leadership can be learned and developed. Jose Lora, the CEO of Juthoor takes the approach of Team Leader. It was his idea to start Juthoor Development Services and he understands how important an effective team is in the success of the organization. He ensures communication, reads feelings and emotions, practices emotional intelligence and takes time to understand each team member to know what his/her personal needs are and what motivates him or her. The nature of leadership in Juthoor is revolves around team leadership and transformational leadership. Jose Lora is a true e leader who inspires the work group to put their efforts towards a shared vision of the future. The leadership style in Juthoor is highly visible, and built on communication. Jose Lora doesnt lead from the front, as he gives responsibilities to the team members. Juthoor is a team-based organization, therefore, is there is any problem or issues, all heads are put together to solve the problem and make a decision. Team meetings are conducted daily between the team members to ensure proper communication, transparency and to tackle issues before they arise. Juthoors Leadership Framework The leadership model used by Juthoor has 9 key fundamentals and they are: Builds Shared Vision Team Building and teamwork Strategic thinking and planning Focuses on outcomes Maximizes Potential Opportunities Managing and developing staff Transformational Leadership Motivates Coaches Delivers Results Many organizations develop their own leadership frameworks because there is no one size will fit all framework, although most frameworks in organizations are similar, they are not exactly the same. I believe that it is not the framework that is significant, but rather the process by which it is developed. Case Study Discussion and Recommendations Management needs to obtain and use their compassion and social expertise to improve their personal transformational leadership. Thus, the challenge for any modern organization, including Juthoor development services is to build and develop the emotional intelligence of the management. Suitable involvements may be required to improve and build on their competencies and that would entail education and intensive role-related training. Managers ought to be encouraged to improve and develop their skills by constant self-education and learning. Companies must offer encouraging supports for staff learning and improving management and supervisors vital emotional competencies, motivation and team building techniques required for their roles. Companies should recruit individuals that hold a vision and have a pleasant personality that is also known as charisma. There should also be suitable shifts in the companys organizational structure and to encourage flat structure and less complicated hierarchy. Changes in organizational culture are also required to reward staff for learning and self development. The changes in organizational culture and structure should encourage managers will encourage attain emotional intelligence competencies required for employee motivation. It is well known that, the most complex part of leading a team is motivation of work group members. In practical and theory, motivation plays a vital role in a organizations management. Motivation is an essential part of effective performance. Throughout my experience in working at Juthoor, I believe the factors Affecting Leadership Effectiveness in an organization are the following: The leaders personal characteristics including personality, skills, and outlook. The leaders experience with dealing with teams and work groups The features of the team, their attitude and expectations. The relationship between the leader and the work group The type of company The organization culture structure The type of tasks that need to be accomplished The external business environment My Leadership Development Plan This part of the report is central around my leadership style and my leadership development needs. This section addresses a number of questions like, Do I have the right combination of skills to lead an organization?, What skills need to be developed to lead effectively? How can I develop and establish myself? How can I influence others? Throughout my career, I have spent a lot of time observing myself and the nature of leadership in the organizations I worked for. At the beginning of my journey, the main challenge for me was trying to understand the difference between managers and leaders. Once that was figured out, I shifted my entire focus to understanding, observing, and learning from the leaders I worked for. One of my professional goals is to become a leader one day, and to be able to influence and motivate a team to achieve and succeed. Therefore, I spent an incredible amount of time studying and observing the leaders in my life. I have studied the leadership theories including characteristics, styles, and modern leadership theories of transformational leadership, etc. and based on the findings of the literature review conducted in the second section of this report, I assessed my leadership skills and checked my ability to execute and implement effective leadership in my job and contribute to the leadership functions of the organization. Out of all the different types of leadership styles, can say that I take the approach of situational leadership style. I dont view a leadership position as an authority position, I view it as the ability to touch other peoples lives and help them grow. I actually feel that I best relate to situational leadership style because I am extremely flexible when situations arise and occur. Situational leadership is the approach of changing your style to best suit the circumstances. However, earlier I used to not be an expert at this because I always resisted change and felt like I lo st focus when things didnt happen the way I expected them to. But as I changed jobs and got more experience, I understood that change is required and I must learn how to handle and adapt to situations instead of getting angry over things not working out the way I wanted them to. There are a number of ways I have practiced my leadership in my job, for example, when I am heading a group I make sure to emphasize the importance of working together. Although I am the leader of the group, I do not show it to other. I work just as hard as they work and try to give as much constructive feedback as I can. My approach is all centered on listening to the team members, understanding their point of view, asking them what their recommendations are and I try to encourage participation. I would say that I am always very fun to be around. When a task needs to be accomplished, I dont give out orders, I give each member the choice about what part they want to handle. Once we complete a task or reach a specific goal, I usually show my appreciation for their work through celebrating together, either inviting them for lunch or dinner. I have assessed my skills and used a number of tools and techniques to evaluate my

JIT Manufacturing and Inventory Control System Essay examples -- Busin

JIT Manufacturing and Inventory Control System Since the dawn of human existence evolution in all sectors of society has occurred due to Economic factors. This has mainly happened due to the fact that all technological achievements have occurred in favor of money. Specifically we can admit that Economy is the main reason for growth and development. By these means it is in our interest to establish strong economies either as societies (macroeconomics) or as individuals (microeconomics). For these reasons several techniques and methods have been initiated in order help modern individuals to develop. Such techniques are usually Accounting or Managerial in their nature. However one of the most important technique is both an Accounting and a Managerial technique and is called "The just in time method". Just in time manufacturing "was an inventory control approach that was developed by Taiichi Ohno at Toyota Motor Company of Japan. Specifically it requires that "the exact quantity of defect-free raw materials, parts and subassemblies are produced just in time for the next stage of the manufacturing stage" (Ivancevich-Lorenzi-Skinner, p 427). That actually means an inventory is never large and by this way cost is being reduced due to the fact that there are no losses of materials due to ba...

Body Image in Women Essay

Jerrica Quinton November 10, 2011 English 1010 Professor Eden The Impact of Media Images and their Effects on Body Image in Women Proposal: In our society, media has a big influence on how people act, live, and feel about them selves. The ideal image of what is considered â€Å"beautiful† is decided upon what the media provides us with. It is an ongoing struggle to follow our own beliefs and be our own person when there is so much influence in magazines, TV shows, and movies that are â€Å"examples† to teenagers and even adults. The unrealistic beauty that the media portrays today is blinding our generation. The media is brainwashing people to look a certain way and that not a single flaw is allowed. With the way the media and the entertainment world runs, society’s view of beauty is limited to perfectness. If society weren’t seen as so picture perfect and â€Å"fake†, then maybe there would be fewer problems with self-esteem within women and there would be a more positive outcome. Three specific areas in which media is the most influential are modeling, sports, and the celebrity scene In modeling, models are pressured to have a certain thinness that makes the viewer observe beauty in an unhealthy way. Sports are very athletic, and seen as one healthy way to become skinny and fit, but in reality there are lots of problems with steroids, and eating disorders. In the Celebrity world, most who are seen on the red carpet are never as much as they seem; there is always some kind of unreal appearance to them. Along with the image of looking skinny, more and more stores are holding smaller sizes, limiting larger girls to what they can wear. Girls are also more caught up with what they look like and care less about things such as education and career. I knew someone who went into Hollister to buy a shirt, and they didn’t carry an extra large. I remember when she finally fit into a large, she was finally so happy because of how much she loved that store. Steroids and drugs are unfair and unhealthy and are mostly seen in the professional sports area. The media has made professional athletes to been seen as gods, they can run fast, jump higher, swing harder, etc. then the average person. No matter what sport it is athletes are put up on a pedestal for being extremely mind blowing and doing the unthinkable that nobody else can, being a â€Å"Legend†. It makes them seem untouchable, so the media puts them in ads to pursue the consumers to want to be more like the pros. Also, within sports, working too much while trying to live up to their name can cause serious physical problems. For example Olympic swimming legend Michael Phelps had been suspended from competitions for three months after he was picture apparently using illegal drugs. The pressure of performing your best can be a lot to handle on athletes; the fame can go to their heads, leading athletes to believe they can do whatever they want without any consequences. Which leads consumers that look up to them, to think so as well. In the celebrity world, it’s considered normal to be a size zero and to have the body that would only be seen in magazines. It’s wrong to want to distort your body to make it look perfect. To celebrities, however, it is their appearance that makes them famous; to the public, looking like a celebrity could make them feel wanted and famous too, but in reality you should appreciate your body for what it is and not worry about what others may specifically look like. For example, Miley Cyrus is a big time American Disney Channel Star and her peers are teenagers and young women who look up to her. Now that she is all grown up and into the whole celebrity scene, she is dressing more scandalous and has even been caught drinking. The influence that society has on us, the viewers, is similar to that of parents to their children. It’s like the saying, â€Å"monkey see, monkey do†. Children grow up and learn from their parents. They see the way their parents act and so they think that it’s right and it’s the way they should act as well. I see this a lot today with racism. If a child’s parents are discriminant towards a different race, then most likely that child will be too. Whatever their parents do, they deem correct and right. You are never born to think a certain way. It has to be taught and to be engrained in your body. The topic of how media negatively affects the image of young girls will provide a reason to why the media should stop limiting the idea of what counts as being â€Å"beautiful†. Most women and young teenagers are stressed about their skin, weight, and overall appearance, which can lead to eating disorders and other dangerous disorders that can cause serious problems. This is being caused by the typical commercials and billboard adds we see everyday. The make-up ads and the weight loss commercials, such as â€Å"Maybelline,† and â€Å"Weight Watchers†, are the causing factors to young women desperately wanting plastic surgery or being diagnosed with anorexia. My thesis on this issue is that the media and advertisements negatively influences young women to cause harm to their bodies by strictly defining ‘Body Perfect’ ideals that are both artificial and biologically inappropriate and unrealistic. To prove this thesis, I will use evidence from articles called â€Å"The Media’s Influence on Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders,† a article called, â€Å" The Effects of Beautiful Models in Ads on Female Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents†, a article called â€Å"Images in Magazines and On Television Increase Body Dissatisfactions†, and other advertisements on society’s idea of beauty. With statistics and persuasive articles from online sources, I will prove how the media influences women and young girls to eat, dress and talk a certain way. The effectiveness of media continues to increase as more and more commercials are created with the idea of the ultimate perfect beauty. I feel this will be a successful topic to address because media images and their affect on body image is a serious influential issue in our society, and it has such a strong effect on every one of all ages, and even all genders. It has the power to either harm or help everyone, depending on which way the topic is being broadcast. In my paper, I plan to address the following: How body image has changed overtime; how body image was perceived 10-20 years ago compared to what it is now. * How different products in society use body image as a way to sell. * How strong of an effect body image and the media has on people. Is the effect stronger on the younger generation or older? How is each age group/gender affected in similar or different ways? * Is body image the most influential factor in low self-esteem in women and young teenagers? Can it be changed? * How other cultures and countries perceive what is beauty and perfect body image? What are different peoples’ perspectives on the topic? How have they been personally affected by it? * Is using body image the ideal way for companies to sell their products? Advertising is a destructive force in our society, and the most destructive effect of advertising is its promotion of negative stereotypes, specifically in women. Advertising is an over 100 billion dollar a year industry and affects each and every one of us throughout our lives. Advertisments and the sell more then just products; they sell images, values, love and sexuality, popularity, success, and worth. Ads tell us who we are and who we should be, even if that is not their intention, but for the most part, it is. Media within our society constantly degrades women and sends negative messages about the ways in which women should be treated; women are becoming objectified in the sense they are viewed as objects with little value. The media, which seems to endlessly show women as sexual objects, has the capability of limiting a woman’s potential and damaging their self worth. And if being bombarded with images of other skimpily dressed women is causing comparison, competition, and self-loathing, how is more of the same going to actually help? The focus that women place on their bodies in this culture is unhealthy and imbalanced. The body is important, and it is a big deal. As with all attempts to deny reality, there are consequences. Why else would uninhibited exposure be causing so many emotional and self-esteem issues for so many women? Advertising highly profiles ‘Body Perfect’ ideals that are both insincere and physically wrong. Annotated Bibliography: â€Å"Body Image and Advertising. † Media Scope. http://www. mediascope. org/pubs/ibriefs/bia. htm Online. 17 March 2004. Summary: Notes the overwhelming use of sexuality and beauty as a marketing tool for advertisers and its effects on young women by promoting the â€Å"thin ideal. † Cites statistics from studies about young women’s responses to advertising in women’s magazines that includes consequences such as eating disorders and a distorted body image. Response: It is a big deal for the media to put out advertisements that the â€Å"thin ideal† is what women around the world should look like. I think that the girls/women we see on billboards or in magazines is just a false reality. Seeing the women on billboards who are stick skinny, is a toxic and depressing way to sell merchandise, and it works. Women are so caught up with the â€Å"thin ideal† that it leads young teenagers and women to accept eating disorders and to distort their body, to look pleasing enough to society. Heinberg, Leslie J. Thompson, J. Kevin. The Media’s Influence on Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders: We’ve Reviled Them, Now Can We Rehabilitate Them? † Journal of Social Issues. 55 (Summer 1999) Issue 2: 339-354. LexisNexis. Online. 17 March 2004. Summary: Notes the obvious tie between images and messages in mass media to body image and eating disorders. Mentions the changes in media messages from pre-20th Century to t he present in their representation of the female body. Implies that responsible social marketing is better for communication and the media’s influence on a person’s psychology. Response: The way media messages have changed over the years is incredible. The media in the 21st Century has to be the most advanced of its time. The way they can advertise things so many different ways is genius. Although the access we have to it can be extremely hurtful. Having advertisements around us 24/7 can lead young women to have eating disorders and think less of their body. I do believe that the media has a big influence on how women see themselves and does lead women to eating disorders. The media has changed since the 20th century but I feel it has for the worse. Martin, Mary C. Gentry, James W. â€Å"Stuck in the Model Trap: The Effects of Beautiful Models in Ads on Female Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents. † Journal of Advertising. 26 (Summer 1997) Issue 2: 19. LexisNexis. Online. 17 March 2004. Summary: Discusses a study created to Asses the unintended effects advertising has on adolescent women, suggesting that these women hold themselves to the standards of advertising models and thus their self-esteem and body image are affected. Response: As real as models say they are they are promoting being skinny, tall, and attractive. I believe it is all fake, looking up to models isn’t a decent way to live. It doesn’t benefit you in anyway it is not real, yes, the models look pretty, and skinny but the media still photo shops most of them afterwards. Advertising with thin models will always have a negative affect on young women. The model industry needs to start portraying women in a more positive way in order to receive a more positive outcome.

Free Essays on Process Anaylsis

Process Analysis Essay When writing a paper it can be very difficult unless you break it up into sections. When I had to write my first paper I felt like a man on a desert island all alone without a clue on how to do anything. But with the help of a few teachers they taught me how to survive on the island of writing papers. What the teachers taught me was that just like everything in life it needs to be taken in steps. The steps they taught me still apply to the papers I write to this day. The first thing you need when you write a paper is a strong foundation. Everything must start at the bottom and be built up. This applies to everything. It all starts with an idea. So start your paper with an idea, write them all down and now you have your foundation. It is just a plot of land but it’s there u just need to get it ready to be built on. So take your ideas and polish them and refine them until your have a clear well thought out idea. Now your foundation is clear and ready to be built upon. But as with building a house you need to get the materials to create what is going to be built. You cant just have an idea in the paper and not have any support. You need to go and gather information from several sources to support your idea. You can find this in books, Internet, and magazines. I would recommend at least 3 sources or more if possible. Also make sure they are credible sources not just John Doe’s site on the civil war. Once you have your sources you can actually start building. Before you start writing there is the last step of the prewrite. You have to get the blueprint of the paper otherwise know as the outline. This helps you organize and structure the paper. So you don’t put roof on before the walls are up. Now you are ready to start writing the paper. Make sure when you do start to be in a comfortable environment. Don’t go grab your laptop and sit-down in front of the TV. Go to your desk and put some music on then ... Free Essays on Process Anaylsis Free Essays on Process Anaylsis Process Analysis Essay When writing a paper it can be very difficult unless you break it up into sections. When I had to write my first paper I felt like a man on a desert island all alone without a clue on how to do anything. But with the help of a few teachers they taught me how to survive on the island of writing papers. What the teachers taught me was that just like everything in life it needs to be taken in steps. The steps they taught me still apply to the papers I write to this day. The first thing you need when you write a paper is a strong foundation. Everything must start at the bottom and be built up. This applies to everything. It all starts with an idea. So start your paper with an idea, write them all down and now you have your foundation. It is just a plot of land but it’s there u just need to get it ready to be built on. So take your ideas and polish them and refine them until your have a clear well thought out idea. Now your foundation is clear and ready to be built upon. But as with building a house you need to get the materials to create what is going to be built. You cant just have an idea in the paper and not have any support. You need to go and gather information from several sources to support your idea. You can find this in books, Internet, and magazines. I would recommend at least 3 sources or more if possible. Also make sure they are credible sources not just John Doe’s site on the civil war. Once you have your sources you can actually start building. Before you start writing there is the last step of the prewrite. You have to get the blueprint of the paper otherwise know as the outline. This helps you organize and structure the paper. So you don’t put roof on before the walls are up. Now you are ready to start writing the paper. Make sure when you do start to be in a comfortable environment. Don’t go grab your laptop and sit-down in front of the TV. Go to your desk and put some music on then ...

Damascus Experience essays

Damascus Experience essays I decided to do my paper on Acts 9:1 though Acts 9:9. I chose this passage because I believe it made a huge difference in Christianity. After his experience on the road, Paul became one of the most influential men in the Bible. He also wrote two- thirds of the New Testament. Paul was one of the most intelligent men of his time. This is why his conversion was so important. Luke wrote this book. It was written around 62 A.D. This was a letter originally written to Theophilus. The purpose of writing to Theophilus was to give him greater insight into the origins of Christianity. It is thought that he was a converted Gentile. This miraculous event occurred on the road to Damascus. Saul was a member of the Sanhedrin. It was the middle of the day, and Gods light shined brighter than the sun. The bright light blinded Paul, maybe to show him his blindness in persecution. Paul was blown away when he heard I am Jesus, whom you persecute. Because he experienced this event himself, there was no way he could deny it. He understood that this vision was from the God he had been trying to serve, only to learn that he had badly misunderstood God. He saved Saul just in time. He was taking orders from the high priest of the Sanhedrin, which gave him, power to extradite all Christians who had fled due to persecution. Saul was known as the most zealous representative of the Jewish community when it came to persecution. Saul believed he was being religious and doing the right thing in persecuting Christians. The main theme is salvation, plain and simple. The Lord saved Paul from a life of sin. In turn, The Lord also saved many lives by reversing Pauls beliefs when he did. Who knows how many would have died if Paul and his entourage would have killed in Damascus. This is how the passage goes according to me: Saul was talking about abusing and murdering Christians. He goes to the boss to ask f ...

Being and Been

Being and Been Being and Been Being and Been By Maeve Maddox Saad Khan asks to know the difference between being and been. Been is the past participle form of the verb to be. It is used with the auxiliary verbs has, have, and had to form perfect tenses: How long has it been since you were in Paris? He had been writing that novel for thirty years when he died. How long have you been living here? Being is the present participle form of the verb to be. It is used with the auxiliaries is, are, was, and were to form continuous tenses: Mary is being difficult. The letter is being written. It is used as a verbal, a word that partakes of both verb and noun: Being polite is more productive than being rude. The word being can also be used a noun meaning â€Å"creature.† No human being should be homeless. I watched a movie about a being from outer space. Being can also mean â€Å"existence.† We are called from nothingness into being. In the expression â€Å"for the time being,† it means â€Å"the present.† We’ll leave him in charge for the time being. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†Excited ABOUT, not "for" Grammar Review #1: Particles and Phrasal Verbs

Sony PlayStation2 (A) Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sony PlayStation2 (A) - Lab Report Example Before the advent of the Playstaion console, Nintendo, another game maker, had control of a big part of the game market, but "their games were usually simple and consumers were usually between 6 to 13 years of age, due to limited technology." (Deshpande, Rohit p. 8). The Sony Playstaion and playstation2 however, came out with high resolution 3-D graphics, and "enabled game developers to create more sophisticated games that appealed more to mature gamers, especially those between 20 and 30 years old" (Deshpande, Rohit p. 8) The Sony Corporation is the Manufacturer of the palystation2 console, and the company has set up various websites that serve as the company's driving force on the internet. Sites like sonystyle.com and playstation.com. These Websites provide information about new and upcoming Playstaion games, game console sales, and customer service. Playstation.com has already been quite successful, because the Playstation console is an industry leader when it comes to video games. Sony has also been striving to create an all new lifestyle in the net era, which is based on the interconnectivity of Sony's digital electronic products with modern IT technologies, and the company is well positioned take the lead in the market for digital home products, if it succeeds in aligning its software systems with its content business lines. Presently, the company has been perceived to be in a struggle to reinvent itself, in the process of pursuing hit products like the new PlayStation3 console Business Strategy & Analysis The makers of the playstation2 console, Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (SCEI), came out with the objective to own the largest share of the home video game market. The company intended to achieve this by "leveraging proprietary, interactive 3-D graphics technology to provide entertainment that was unmatched by any other game system." (Deshpande, Rohit p. 4) Between 1994 and 1997, the price of the Playstaion console was reduced in a series of gradually increasing drops, forcing competitors to also decrease the prices of their products. "in 1997, Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. lowered the price of the Playstaion to $149, and Nintendo and Sega refused to reduce their prices too, but by 1999, Playstaion and Nintendo's N64 platform were being sold at $99 in order to clear inventory for upcoming game models.In 2000, "Fuelled by anticipation of the success of playstation2, Sony stock rose, and hit an all time high of $314 from the $74 recorded the previous year". (Deshpande, Rohit p. 14) SWOT Analysis for Sony and the Playstation2 Strengths Sony has many valuable physical assets The playstation2 console is also a clear market advantage for Sony Weaknesses Sony might be seen to have a narrow product line in its production of Playstaion games Opportunities Excellent software capabilities Joint ventures with other progressive corporations Threats There is a risk that Sony's innovative nature with the Playstaion might not continue as well as it has in the past There is a possibility that the video game market may, in the long run, separate the Sony Corporation video game makers into winners and losers. Bibliography Deshpande, Rohit Sony PlayStation2(A) Grant, R.M. Contemporary strategy

IT Outsourcing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Outsourcing - Assignment Example The article reveals the plan by the above top American banks to outsource IT services worth $ 5 billion to Indian companies of; Tata Consultancy Services, Wipro, HCL, Cognizant and Infosys. The plan to outsource it reveals, is as a result of the strict government compliance requirements brought about by recent legislations that include among others, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act. The new laws require banking institutions to comply within 18-24 months pressurizing major banks to outsource activities not core to their businesses. The article further provides information on how significant the revenue from the American banks will be to the Indian companies citing TCS and Cognizant, both Indian compnies, as the initial beneficiary of the outsourcing exercise with revenues from their banking customers constituting 40%. Infosys is revealed to be earning 36.2% of its revenue from the writing of applications from banks like the Bank of America (Mishra & Sabharwal, 2011). The American are outsourcing back office related services and writing of applications. This is so because the mentioned services are of significance but not core to the operations of these banks. They can therefore easily offload them to external firms without interfering with their routine operational activities. Other services usually outsourced are back-up data storage, IT infrastructural development projects and website maintenance activities. The companies in the article are outsourcing to comply with government regulations and at the same time minimise operational costs. Most institutions however, the banks in the article included, are choosing to focus on their core businesses and leave subsidiary services to the experts through outsourcing. By so doing, profits for these instructions are rising and their service delivery standards improving since all their efforts are put to doing what their core businesses entail (Solli-Saether & Gottschalk, 2010). The institutions featured

IRAC Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IRAC Brief - Essay Example As the employer of the victims, was Mariano Prime LLC dba MD Wholesale cognizant of the harassment that took place and was it required to put an end to this type of behavior? Rule: Harassment can include undesirable sexual advances, solicitation for sexual favors as well as verbal or physical harassment that are sexually attuned. A client, employee or a customer of either male or female gender can experience sexual harassment. Analysis: The EEOC, upon conducting its investigation, filed a lawsuit with the U.S. District Court for Guam District in September 2011 (EEOC v. Mariano Prime LLC dba MD Wholesale, Case No. 11-00029). This came after futile attempt to settle the case through conciliation process. During the EEOC’s investigation, it established reasonable evidence suggesting that MD Wholesale facility breached Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Marianas Variety",  2013). The case has also made apparent that there was no training whatsoever on sexual harassment, sexual assault, or reporting procedures. We can further assume that from management throughout subordinate levels, were totally oblivious of the consequences due to violations of a persons civil rights. Conclusion: MD Wholesale made a settlement with EEOC in the amount of $77,500 for the victims and accepted to change its policy and procedures for dealing with grievance on workplace sexual harassment. In addition, MD Wholesale is also required to retain an EEOC as a way of ensuring that their staffs are educated about their rights in light of workplace discrimination, harassment as well as retribution. Further, the company is expected to implement training program for its management to ensure compliance with future complaints. MD Wholesale agreed to offer extra training for its management and human resources personnel in order to ensure that they are capable of dealing effectively with future EEO grievances. Apart from monetary compensation to

Forensics f report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forensics f report - Essay Example The first task was to secure the perimeter around the car; an event that did not take long, for the distance was not wide. Consequently, the crime scene became (exhibit P-1, P-2, P-3, and P-4). The officers realized that two bodies were at the crime scene, with the body on the driver’s seat; (exhibit D), being identified as Sally Lee exhibiting black hair and white skin. Preliminary assessments indicated that an unknown person had shot Lee on the head and throat. Both shots were visible, and it was apparent that they had come from outside the car (exhibit P-5). The victim’s head was lying on the steering wheel with both of her hands on her knees. The second victim was Megan White, a young female with white skin and brown hair who had been shot from the back and on the throat as well. She was lying on the ground a few feet away from the car (exhibit F-1). The victim encountered the ground with her face and stomach, and had both hands spread a little bit forward (exhibit A-2). The officers went ahead to picture and videotape the scene, before bringing the sketchers on board. The sketchers entered the crime scene alongside both the searcher and Custodian. After pictures, videos, measurements and sketch details were taken from the victims; a coroner was called to the location to carry the bodies out of the crime scene. At the same time, the chief Meunier arrived at the scene to help in searching for additional evidence. While the team was searching for evidence, two white males approached the team, and got extremely close to the crime scene before being repelled by the officers (exhibit K-1). The first male later identified as Jack Russell, wore a blue t-shirt, black sunglasses, a brown hat and carried what looked like an alcohol bottle. The second male identified as Mike McDonald, wore a blue shirt with orange glasses and

Easyjet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Easyjet - Essay Example However, there are several areas that may be pointed out where the aim and objective behind provision of this site is not being satisfied and its full potential is not being harnassed, thereby undermining the potential market that exists for easyjet services. One of the first aspects that easyjet needs to look into is the fact that its B2B link is not clearly visible on the home page. The home page is crammed with several links, of which the B2B link is so small that older viewers who need glasses or those with any kind of visual disability may completely miss the access point. As Jakob Nielsen (1999) points out in his book on designing a good website, simplicity is one of the most vital aspects of designing a website, because the design of a page forms the most visible part of the webpage (p 2). He recommends splitting the material into several pages, but ensuring that each page provides a solid amount of content in a simple, easily viewable form. From this perspective, if easyjet is targeting the business community through its website, then one of its first priorities should be to separate out some of the information on the home page into other pages. For example, the information on airport parking or To/from airport can be included within other pages. There are too many navigation links on this one home page, but the one relevant to the business company is in a very small font and is lost among the other links. Moreover this link is not bolstered with any kind of graphic enhancement at all, therefore first of all the access point must be made more visible and included in a larger font. If it is to stand out on the page, then the link must be bold and highlighted and can be placed separately on one side of the page. Another aspect that must be borne in mind when opening such a cluttered page is the fact that download time will be much more because there are so many links on the one page. This is why simplicity in the page design is of utmost

Impact of Evaluations on Principal's Instructional Leadership Capacity Assignment

Impact of Evaluations on Principal's Instructional Leadership Capacity - Assignment Example Nevertheless, we review what we have gathered for their validity and reliability and identify from the research the direction for future research. Validity refers to the ability of a particular research instrument to measure what it purports to measure (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 105). Cohen et al. (2005, p. 105) clarified, however, that there are several types of validity. According to Cohen et al. (2005, p. 105), some of the concepts of validity relevant for research are as follows: content validity, criterion-related validity; construct validity; internal validity; external validity; concurrent validity; face validity; jury validity; predictive validity; systematic validity; catalytic validity; descriptive validity; interpretative validity; theoretical validity; and evaluative validity. Many of the concepts of validity mentioned are discussed in Cohen et al. (2005, p. 105-117). Meanwhile reliability refers to consistency and replicabilty over time (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 117). Accordi ng to Cohen et al. (2005, p. 117), reliability is also concerned with precision and accuracy. They emphasized that â€Å"for research to be reliable it must demonstrate that if it were to be carried out on a similar group of respondents in a similar context, similar results would happen (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 117). Some of the other concepts related with reliability are stability, equivalence, and internal consistency (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 117-120). According to Cohen et al. (2005, p.120-133), validity and reliability should be simultaneously considered in education research. My review of research done on evaluation systems for principals indicate that further research on evaluation systems for principals should be along these lines: 1. Identifying the elements of the principal evaluation systems adopted by schools making great progress in instruction work and the role played by principal evaluation. 2. Identifying whether there is a correlation between academic performance of s chools and the evaluation systems they have adopted for principals. 3. The role played by VAL-Ed or the Vanderbilt Assessment of Leadership in Education or VAL-ED in improving school performance, if any. The VAL-Ed supposedly met the high standards for content validity and reliability among the principal evaluation systems investigated by the New Leaders for New Schools in 2010. 4. The constraints encountered by schools in implementing a good evaluation system for principals. II. Sun and Youngs (2009) Sun and Youngs (2009, p. 2) described their work to have used hierarchical multivariate linear models â€Å"to investigation the relationships between principal evaluation purpose, focus and assessed leadership activities in 13 school district in Michigan†. Sun and Youngs (2009, p. 2) argued that their study found that â€Å"principals were more likely to engage in learning-centered leadership behaviors when the purposes of evaluation included principal professional development , school restructuring and accountability†. However, Sun and Youngs (2009, p. 2) also clarified that when the focus of evaluation was related to instructional leadership in the school setting, the thrust of the school principal activities have been in curriculum design, teacher professional development and evaluation, and monitoring student learning. In

Forensics f report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forensics f report - Essay Example The first task was to secure the perimeter around the car; an event that did not take long, for the distance was not wide. Consequently, the crime scene became (exhibit P-1, P-2, P-3, and P-4). The officers realized that two bodies were at the crime scene, with the body on the driver’s seat; (exhibit D), being identified as Sally Lee exhibiting black hair and white skin. Preliminary assessments indicated that an unknown person had shot Lee on the head and throat. Both shots were visible, and it was apparent that they had come from outside the car (exhibit P-5). The victim’s head was lying on the steering wheel with both of her hands on her knees. The second victim was Megan White, a young female with white skin and brown hair who had been shot from the back and on the throat as well. She was lying on the ground a few feet away from the car (exhibit F-1). The victim encountered the ground with her face and stomach, and had both hands spread a little bit forward (exhibit A-2). The officers went ahead to picture and videotape the scene, before bringing the sketchers on board. The sketchers entered the crime scene alongside both the searcher and Custodian. After pictures, videos, measurements and sketch details were taken from the victims; a coroner was called to the location to carry the bodies out of the crime scene. At the same time, the chief Meunier arrived at the scene to help in searching for additional evidence. While the team was searching for evidence, two white males approached the team, and got extremely close to the crime scene before being repelled by the officers (exhibit K-1). The first male later identified as Jack Russell, wore a blue t-shirt, black sunglasses, a brown hat and carried what looked like an alcohol bottle. The second male identified as Mike McDonald, wore a blue shirt with orange glasses and

Impact of Evaluations on Principal's Instructional Leadership Capacity Assignment

Impact of Evaluations on Principal's Instructional Leadership Capacity - Assignment Example Nevertheless, we review what we have gathered for their validity and reliability and identify from the research the direction for future research. Validity refers to the ability of a particular research instrument to measure what it purports to measure (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 105). Cohen et al. (2005, p. 105) clarified, however, that there are several types of validity. According to Cohen et al. (2005, p. 105), some of the concepts of validity relevant for research are as follows: content validity, criterion-related validity; construct validity; internal validity; external validity; concurrent validity; face validity; jury validity; predictive validity; systematic validity; catalytic validity; descriptive validity; interpretative validity; theoretical validity; and evaluative validity. Many of the concepts of validity mentioned are discussed in Cohen et al. (2005, p. 105-117). Meanwhile reliability refers to consistency and replicabilty over time (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 117). Accordi ng to Cohen et al. (2005, p. 117), reliability is also concerned with precision and accuracy. They emphasized that â€Å"for research to be reliable it must demonstrate that if it were to be carried out on a similar group of respondents in a similar context, similar results would happen (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 117). Some of the other concepts related with reliability are stability, equivalence, and internal consistency (Cohen et al., 2005, p. 117-120). According to Cohen et al. (2005, p.120-133), validity and reliability should be simultaneously considered in education research. My review of research done on evaluation systems for principals indicate that further research on evaluation systems for principals should be along these lines: 1. Identifying the elements of the principal evaluation systems adopted by schools making great progress in instruction work and the role played by principal evaluation. 2. Identifying whether there is a correlation between academic performance of s chools and the evaluation systems they have adopted for principals. 3. The role played by VAL-Ed or the Vanderbilt Assessment of Leadership in Education or VAL-ED in improving school performance, if any. The VAL-Ed supposedly met the high standards for content validity and reliability among the principal evaluation systems investigated by the New Leaders for New Schools in 2010. 4. The constraints encountered by schools in implementing a good evaluation system for principals. II. Sun and Youngs (2009) Sun and Youngs (2009, p. 2) described their work to have used hierarchical multivariate linear models â€Å"to investigation the relationships between principal evaluation purpose, focus and assessed leadership activities in 13 school district in Michigan†. Sun and Youngs (2009, p. 2) argued that their study found that â€Å"principals were more likely to engage in learning-centered leadership behaviors when the purposes of evaluation included principal professional development , school restructuring and accountability†. However, Sun and Youngs (2009, p. 2) also clarified that when the focus of evaluation was related to instructional leadership in the school setting, the thrust of the school principal activities have been in curriculum design, teacher professional development and evaluation, and monitoring student learning. In

Amazon Analysis Essay Example for Free

Amazon Analysis Essay Key drivers of change Technological most important aspect of Amazon’s Pestle factors: Key drivers for change: * /Internet penetration rates * Web development e-commerce * Protecting their patented software and not being imitated easily by competitors. E-commerce-Bezos understanding of e-commerce through knowledge of web users and the web that has made amazon a dominant company on the web . ’(pg 27 Saunders 1999) ,Branding of the website is important . (Pg 91 saunders) Commitment to e-commerce has to be maintained, by keeping ahead of the technology curve, Amazon’s one-click technology is important in keeping customers visiting. pg 32-33 saunders ) Porters 5 forces analysis The threat of Entry * How will new entrants into the market overcome barriers to entry * High barriers to entry are good for existing competitors and amazon. Barriers to entry are * Scale and experience Economies of scale , when Amazon reach high level production It will be hard for new entrants to match them, experience curve effects help Amazon to have learned how to do things more efficiently than new entrants. Whilst the new entrant is building up experience it will be doing so at a higher cost than Amazon. The threat of substitutes Price/Performance ratio * Barnes and Noble, in store availability of books, although more expensive, could be more convenient to consumers, have the option of not giving over credit card details. as well as trying the product out before they purchase it. * Auto trader, HMV could potentially offer a better service as HMV, as they have stores which could be more convenient again for onsumers. * Consumers could opt to go to cinema rather than buy from Amazon for videos. Extra Industry affects Amazon will have to be aware of substitutes away from their own industry such as search engines that could set up a similar service to their own e. g Yahoo. com. The Power of Buyers Low switching costs Our result indicates that buyers explore and try a vast number of available options in their early experience of the market but tend to seek relational exchanges as their exper ience matures Our finding is contrary to what is observed in popular online markets for physical goods such as eBay and Amazon: buyers are interested in maintaining recurrent business with a limited number of providers (Wolf,E,2010,Move to depth:Buyer Provider interactions in Online service Marketplaces E-service Journal, Vol 7,pg 2-14,Ebsco ) By acquiring book pages and Telebook defended consumers buyer power even more so in relevance to low switching costs ( Amazon case study) ,in 1997 they had lowered prices even further certain books had up to 40% off, in which encouraged repeat purchasing. An associates program was launched so Amazon could help small merchants, so that they could link to Amazon. com to sell from its data base and they receive a commission from each sale. The idea behind this is so that more people would buy from Amazon and it stops Consumers from switching( The power of suppliers * Amazon created a good relationship with wholesalers and shippers from the start. * Private investment of $1. million dollars and $8 million of silicon valley at start up * $50 million worth of shares enabled an aggressive expansion of the business * Designates its maintenance of inventory to others, storage space isn’t an issue. * Amazon are dependent on wholesale distributors such as Ingram ,independent publishers and music and video companies for the stock it sells therefore saving Amazon a major cost in terms of allocation. * In 1999 Ingram provided 50% of Amazon’s book titles, barnes and noble threatened to aquire it, Amazon it would seem are dependent on t hese retailers. However Amazon can find another book supplier but the suppliers may become competition as they could cut the middleman out (Amazon ) and utilise forwards vertical integration by selling directly to consumers. * Amazon in a weak negotiating position with suppliers as there isn’t many book suppliers. Competitive rivalry * The industry growth rate was high, World wide web had a fast growth rate, predicted at 2,300 percent monthly * Barnes and noble could have been considered a threat as they had infrastructure as well as a online arm * E-bay only focused on online auctions, in which was only a small area of Amazon’s business model. With customer experience costs largely fixed, Amazon’s costs as a percentage of sales can shrink rapidly as they grow their business. * Amazon continued to lower prices as well as free shipping on orders over $25. (This allowing Amazon to increase their volumes of output , this leading to price wars and increased competit ion. * Amazon is seen as ‘Virtual’ i. e it has no brick and mortar stores like competitors ( barnes and noble ), as well as no storage costs. Thus enabling them to invest more capital into enhancing its brand and website. * There is Low differentiation in Amazon’s industry in terms of online auctions as customers can easily switch between them and E-Bay as well as online book sales as they can switch to rivals such as Barnes and noble, although Amazon was able to undercut their rivals as they competed on price, By having no high costs in terms of storage of stock or buildings they could pass this benefit onto customers. Referring to competitor Barnes and noble’s 1999 company report they had other costs , such as rental space and the costs of opening up new stores , Barnes and Nobles costs of sales an occupancy increased from $2. 413 billion in 1998 , whereas inn 1999 it was $2. 019 million, this indicating that they had high fixed costs. And Amazon could therefore capitalize on this as their costs of sales were a lot less. * Competitors such as barnes and noble would have High exit barriers as they have a lot of assets through their stores that others may not buy.

History and Features of Snooker

History and Features of Snooker Snooker: A game you will grow to love History of snooker   Ã‚   A great man named Neville Chamberlain came up with the idea of snooker in the late 19th century. He was playing a game of billiards when his opponent could not hit the shot he wanted to and Neville Chamberlain suddenly shouted out snooker. Chamberlain also made a comment about another player who missed a shot calling him a real snooker which referred to his lack of experience. From there, the exquisite, logical and composed game of snooker we have today was born. What is Snooker? Snooker is a game played by two or more players against each other. The aim is to defeat the other player by potting more balls to earn more points and subsequently win the game. Snooker involves using a white coloured ball which is known as a cue ball; this is used to strike other coloured balls with a cue stick. In snooker, there are red coloured balls which are worth 1 point and one coloured ball of each; yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black. The coloured balls are worth different points, the red ball is worth 1 point, yellow is worth 2, green is worth 3, brown is worth 4, blue is worth 5, pink is worth 6 and the black is the worth the highest by a staggering 7 points. Quite simple to understand, no? How the game is played Each player has one turn unless they pot a ball in; then they continue until they miss a shot. The game starts off by a person opening a frame. The player does this by breaking. A break can mean two things; the first meaning of break is to start off the game at the first moment. The second meaning is when you score a break; this is when you continually start potting balls and scoring maximum breaks. The break when you start off the game is achieved by striking a cue ball to hit a red ball. If the red ball goes in, the player earns one point and does not lose his turn. If the ball does not go in, the other player is allowed to come to the table to have a go at earning some points. If the white ball goes in a pocket it is considered as a foul and the other person is awarded four points. Terms in snooker Touching ball A touching ball can only happen when the cue ball is touching a red ball. In this situation, you can hit any other coloured ball or you can hit another red ball without moving the ball the white ball is touching. If the ball moves, a foul is called and the other player is awarded four points. Then, it is up to the player who is awarded the points to choose whether they would like the player to retake the exact same shot or whether they would like to continue themselves. Some players purposefully make the white ball touch the red so the opponent has difficulty in hitting another red. Suppose you wouldnt want to be in that situation, would you? A snooker The term a snooker is when the player cannot hit the ball they intend to hit because they cannot see it. This can happen when the white ball is behind the cushion or when the white ball is behind another ball. Again, if the player misses the ball they would like to hit, it is a foul and the other person is awarded four points or more depending on which ball he intends to strike. A snooker is considered as a really high standard shot, because it can decide whether a player wins or loses the game. Worry not, this is not as daunting as it sounds. Old legends of snooker Steve Davis, a renowned legend won 28 ranking titles, just about doubling the amount Joe Davis won. He was born in 1957 and turned professional in 1978. He had made a 147-maximum break in the Lada Classic 1982. In 1980, Steve Davis won the World Championship six times in a row and was ranked World Number one for seven seasons in a row; he was invincible. Another legend worth mentioning is Alex Higgins who was born in 1949 and turned professional in 1971. He had only won the World Championship twice but that was enough for the crowd to love and cheer him on. His nickname was The Hurricane because of the speed in which pot balls. Sadly, Alex Higgins, one of snookers all-time greatest died in July 2010 after a long battle against throat cancer. His fellow companions even raised  £20,000 just so he could have a surgery to stay alive but unfortunately his time had passed. He will always be remembered as snookers greatest champion. My Favourite legend in snooker A legend I hold close to my heart has to be Alex Higgins through and through. If anyone was to ask me, who is the best player in snookers history, I will always say Alex The Hurricane Higgins. He had a real love and tangible passion for the game and he wanted to be the best and excel in every aspect. I aspire to have the same dedication and qualities of commitment that were depicted in his games. Even through the stages of fighting throat cancer, he would hold a snooker cue and would watch other children and adults playing the game he loved. This elucidates the love he had for the game. The Hurricane leaves us with great memories of his brilliance and charisma on the table and was a living embodiment of success. .

The State of Mind of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

The State of Mind of Hamlet    The Elizabethan play The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark is one of William Shakespeare's most popular works.   One of the possible reasons for this play's popularity is the way Shakespeare uses the character Hamlet to exemplify the complex workings of the human mind. The approach taken by Shakespeare in Hamlet has generated countless different interpretations of meaning, but it is through  Ã‚   Hamlet's struggle to confront his internal dilemma, deciding when to revenge his fathers death, that the reader becomes aware of one of the more common interpretations in Hamlet; the idea that Shakespeare is attempting to comment on the influence that one's state of mind can have on the decisions they make in life. As the play unfolds, Shakespeare uses the encounters that Hamlet must face to demonstrate the effect that one's   perspective can   have on the way the mind works. In his book Some Shakespeare Themes & An Approach to Hamlet, L.C. Knight takes notice of   Shakespeare's use   of these encounters to journey into the workings of the human mind when he writes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What we have in Hamlet is the exploration and implicit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   criticism of a particular state of mind or consciousness. In   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet, Shakespeare uses a series of encounters to reveal the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   complex state of the human mind, made up of reason, emotion,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and attitude towards the self, to allow the reader to make a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   judgment or form an opinion about fundamental aspects of human   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   life. (192)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare sets the stage for Hamlet's internal dilemma in   Act 1, Scene 5 of Hamlet when the ghost of Hamlet's father appears and   calls upon Hamlet to "revenge his foul and most unnatural murder"   (1.5.24).   It is from this point forward that Hamlet must struggle   with the dilemma of whether or not to kill Claudius, his uncle, and if   so when to actually do it.   As the play progresses, Hamlet does not   seek his revenge when the opportunity presents itself, and it is the   reasoning that Hamlet uses to justify his delay that becomes paramount   to the reader's understanding of the effect that Hamlet's mental perspective has on his situation. In order to fully understand how Hamlet's perspective plays an   important role in this play, the reader must attempt to answer the   fundamental question: Why does Hamlet procrastinate in taking revenge   on Claudius?

Choose to scenes from the film that illuminates the text of Educating :: English Literature

Choose to scenes from the film that illuminates the text of Educating Rita by Willy Russell When the play was written there was a still a cultural divide between the uneducated (as in no higher education) working class and the cultural and educated upper class but higher education was slowly being madeavailable to the masses. This was partly due to Open University (OU) with provided a university education to those who normally would have not been able to go due to employment or the fact that they might feel they wouldn't fit in, like Rita, because of the cultural differences. Rita feels she needs an education to fill her life, as she knows that something in her life is not right and so she turns to the part of a life she doesn't have -education and knowledge of culture- to fill the gap. However as we find out this is not necessarily what she is missing, but in her search for an education she finds 'a new Rita', she even changes her name back to Susan. Susan is Rita's real name, however when she started OU she changed it to Rita after Rita Mae Brown, someone who she thinks writes literature, but in fact writes "pulp- fiction" stories, because at this time she thinks all books are literature- this shows the cultural difference. The play Educating Rita by Willy Russell gained great popularity especially during the early eighties. There has also been a movie made from it starring Julie Walters and the more famous Michael Caine. As so often the case, the movie was more elaborate with additional scenes, some of which were spoken of or retold by the actors in the play. The movie also included several actors while the play only featured two, Frank and Rita. In this essay I am going to explore how the film illuminates parts of the text when performed on stage. Although most of the details are small and subtle, they have a great impact on how the story portrayed. The movie offers much more background information on other characters and events that are important to the story. The play is much more restricted in the sense that a great many things are bound not to happen on stage, especially as there are only two characters. In fact nothing taking place outside Frank's office can be seen by the audience. All action is then confined within the stages four walls. When Frank invites Rita to his home for dinner in the play the

Main Theories of Aggression

Outline and assess the main theories of aggression Aggression is an act of hostility with deliberate intention to harm another person against his or her will. Some psychologists believe that aggression is an important aspect of our evolutionary ancestry and it is understood better in that context, whereas others believe that aggression is best explained in physiological terms e. g. the imbalance of hormones or neurotransmitters in the brain. There are many definitions used to explain why humans/ animals become aggressive (http://www. essortment. com/all/whatisaggress_rxeo. tm). In the social learning theory (SLT) of aggression, Bandura (1962) suggested that the expression of aggression is learnt through social learning not ignoring the fact that the potential for the human aggression was biological. Bandura claimed that we learn specific aggressive behaviours for example, the form in which the aggression takes and how it is addressed to the target. Skinner, 1953 suggested that a chil d learns the aggressive behaviour through direct reinforcement while Bandura argues that a child learns by observing role models indirectly. Moreover, the SLT can be used to explain other behaviours such as eating disorders, personality etc. Research carried out by Phillip (1986) suggested the daily homicide rate in the US almost increased in the following of a major boxing match this suggested that the viewers were imitating the behaviour they watched from their ‘role models’. This clear shows that the SLT can also be used to explain the behaviour of both the children and adults. This is because aggressive behaviour is witnessed at home and at school as well as through the media i. . reading books, watching television and listening to a certain type of music. By observing the consequences of other’s actions, children learn the aggressive behaviour indirectly. This whole process is known as the ‘vicarious reinforcement’ whereby a child learns the likely outcome of the aggressive behaviour and from that observation; they obtain the behaviour that is considered appropriate. Not only does a c hild learn the behaviour but the child also observes if the behaviour is worth repeating. In the future, the child is likely to repeat the behaviour when the expectation of a reward is greater than the expectations of being punished (Bandura, 1962). Looking at the Bobo doll studies, Bandura et al found that children who watched an aggressive model became more aggressive and imitated the behaviour portrayed by the model. This is clear evidence to support the SLT for the fact a child learnt the aggressive behaviour by observing the ‘role’ model. On the other hand, the aggression was imposed towards a ‘doll’ affecting the reliability of the conclusion because this was a ‘still’ figure that could not use self-defence. As a result to this, Bandura repeated the study using a film of woman hitting a live clown, therefore this influenced the children to also hit a live clown when given the opportunity. This can explain the cultural differences, for the fact that societies such as the US are highly violent compared to other pygmies of central Africa who manage to live in cooperative friendliness (Aronson, 1999). These findings could be explained by the differences due to social learning whereby the different societies influence the behaviour of the two cultures. However, people also react differently in term of different situations because aggressive behaviour is rewarded in certain situations than others (i. e. Competitive sports such rugby, boxing etc. ). The appropriate behaviour is learnt for particular situations. Moreover, aggression could also be explained as a result of the loss of personal identity this could be due to the relative anonymity of being in a crowd or wearing a uniform. The Stanford Prison Experiment illustrates this effect; this is whereby Zimbardo showed how the guards who were deindividuated by mirrored glasses and uniforms behaved aggressively towards the prisoners. The Stanford Prison Experiment is an empirical support for the deindividuated theory because it shows how the behaviour of the ‘normal’ students changed after they had been assigned to adopt the role of guards. However, the brutality could be explained in terms of the perceived social roles because they were not shown the exact way that the ‘actual’ guards behaved. Psychologist Zimbardo believes that deindividuated people are likely to behave aggressively because the loss of a sense in the individual can lead to reduced self- restraint. This in turn leads to impulsive and deviant behaviour and a less concern over negative evaluation from others. Being anonymous in a crowd has the psychological consequence of reducing restraints and increasing behaviours that are usually inhibited. Prentice- Dunn and Rogers (1982) suggested that an increase in aggressive behaviour following deindividuation might be caused by the reduced privacy rather than public self- awareness, i. . becoming less self-aware rather than being anonymous to others. A problem for the theory is that deindividuation does not always lead to aggression, and may actually lead to pro-social behaviour. In a meta- analysis of 60 studies of deindividuation, Postmes and Spears (1998) found that deindividuation does not always lead to aggression for example, an individual part of an angry mo b is likely to behave aggressively while a member of a peace rally is likely to become to peaceful. This clearly shows that frustration leads to aggression. Frustration determines whether aggression is effective in that situation. Dollard et al (1939) outlined the frustration-aggression theory suggesting that frustration leads to aggression and that aggression is forced by the aggression. Therefore, aggression is the consequence of generalised physiological arousal.

Law Cases Essay

Our whole economy is based on the freedom of individuals to contract and a system of laws that enforces contracts freely entered into. But a lot of people may not be aware of what are the essential elements required to make an enforceable contract . Recently I was asked if a contract not in writing is binding . We are so accustomed to seeing contracts in writing that many people assume that a contract must be in writing (and lengthy) before it is enforceable . To form a contract , there are no particular words that must be used by the parties . However , there must be an offer by one side and an acceptance of the offer by the person to whom the offer was made . Without both an offer and an acceptance , there can be no consensus ad idem or a meeting of the minds which is essential to form a contract. No conditions can be attached to the acceptance and the terms of the offer cannot be changed. If conditions are attached or terms are changed, the parties are merely negotiating and may u ltimately reach agreement on the terms of the contract. For example, if your response is that you will pay me $5.00 to cut the lawn but I must cut again next month for the same price, there is no contract. You have made a counter offer which I am free to accept or reject. Likewise, the acceptance cannot be conditional on some other events. In the same way the Lady Gaga has cancelled her concert at the O2 . Harry a local entrepreneur has got 500 T-shirts and he has asked Mike Baldwin a local shirt maker , if it is possible than is he able to print Lady Gaga on the front of the T-shirt . Mike agrees to do it but when Harry went there for collection he saw that the word print on all the T-shirt was Lad Gaga and even the ink of the print damage the material of the T-shirt which is not good . When Harry makes complain about it, Mike told him to refer the contract which is placed on the front door that limiting liability for damaged items to 20% of the value .According to this generally a clause will incorporated if the party has given reasonable notice . These was clearly illustrated in Thompson v LMS Railway . Here the claimant was injured whilst stepping off a train . The railway company displayed prominent notices on the platforms excluding liability personal injury and damage to property due to negligence . The tickets also stated they were subject to terms and conditions displayed on the platform . The claimant was illiterate and could not read the signs. She argued that the exclusion clause was not incorporated into the contract as the railway company had not brought the clause to her attention at the time the contract was made. The clause was incorporated . There is only a requirement to take reasonable steps to bring the clause to the attention of a reasonable person. There was no duty to ensure that every traveller was aware of the clause . The claimant was therefore unsuccessful in her claim for damages. (accessed on e-lawresouces .co.uk , 5/12/12 ) Clearly this objective test will very according to the facts of eagh case but there are a number of factors that are relevant in determining reasonableness in this context , one more thing is required and that is degree of notice . Harry had a small notice at the front door which is limitation clause and it is stated therefor that less onerous than exclusion clause . It may be common notice of trade because the actual size of the notice may be more significant .This has been proved by stating some more case laws such as , Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking , The claimant was injured in a car park partly due to the defendant’s negligence . The claimant was given a ticket on entering the car park after putting money into a machine . The ticket stated the contract of parking was subject to terms and conditions which were displayed on the inside of the car park . One of the terms excluded liability for personal injuries arising through negligence. The question for the court was whether the term was incorporated into the contract ie had the defendant brought it to the attention of the claimant before or at the time the contract was made . This question depended upon where the offer and acceptance took place in relation to the machine . The machine itself constituted the offer . The acceptance was by putting the money into the machine. The ticket was dispensed after the acceptance took place and therefore the clause was not incorporated into the contract. According to previous decision of Spurling v Bradshaw , it is stated that some clauses are to be printed in red ink and with the red hand arrow pointed towards the notice, which could be held in a sufficient way . This reason was further been supported by Court of Appeal . Another relevant factor for the Harry’s present question of reasonableness that is the timing of the notice to be handed . The most effective time for handing the notice is before the contract has been made otherwise it is too late . This has been made abundantly clear in cases such as Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel and Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking . That’s the reason that if Harry had contracted in advance of arriving at the counter , the notice would be too late . However if he arrived to complete the agreement then the clause could be part of the contract . These states that even if the limitation clause is incorporated into the contract than it does not mean that it is an effective clause . The law has sought to protect vulnerable parties from exemption clauses . This protection has take two forms :- Judicial control through the common law and statutory control since 1977 . The judicial approach is known as the contra proferentum rule. According to this , if there is any ambiguity in the wording than that is strictly constructed against the party which seeking to rely on it . Limitation clause are construed in a more liberal manner as they are not as harsh as exclusion clauses .In Ailsa Craig Fishing v Melvern Lord Fraser reffered to this strict principle when they applied , A contract between existed between Securicor and Aberdeen Fishing Vessel Owners Association whereby Securicor were to provide security cover in the harbour where the claimant’s vessels were moored . As a result of negligence and breach of contract the claimant’s vessels sunk. The contract contained a clause which provided that in the event of negligence or breach , Securicor would not be liable for any amount exceeding  £1,000 in any one claim and that it would not be liable for more than  £10,000 in any twelve month period . The House of Lords held that where the clause limits liability rather than excludes liability altogether the courts should apply the natural meaning of the clause and not be too eager to find ambiguity . So the court would be more lenient in their interpretation of Harry’s clause since it limits liability . If Harry’s clause is clear and unambiguous there would be no scope for application of the judicial control system . As in certain circumstances the clause can even cover a fundamental breach as in Photo Productions v Securicor . According to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, the clause of Harry must be satisfactory . (accessed on Ailsa Craig fishing v Malvern Fishing (1983) . Here the Act clearly applies the Harry’s clause where a business seeks to exclude or limit liability . Under section 2(2) clauses attempting to exclude or limit liability for damaged property caused by negligence are subject to a test of reasonableness . The test is in section 11(1) and basically states that a clause is reasonable if in all surrounding circumstances of the case , than it is reasonable .This circular definition gives the trial judge a discretion to decide each case on it s own facts . under section 11(5) the burden of proving that the clause is reasonable is on the party seeking to rely on it .So Harry must prove that the clause is reasonable . Section 11(4 ) states two factors that the court must consider when determining the reasonableness of a limitation clause . Firstly the resource of party rely on the clause and also the question of whether he is in a position to insure against the risk of loss . Harry’s has the resource of profit making business as opposed to the resources of the community theatre and would also be able to insure against the risk of such losses . After determining the reasonableness of the clause which attempts to exempt liability implied in contracts for the sales of goods , this kind of act must be consider in court. However the courts such as House of Lords states certain factors in two different case laws , they are such as Smith v Bush down to the county court in Woodman v Photo Trade Processing . These two case law states that some of the factors of Schedule 2 are considered as case of negligence. According to the case law of Smith v Bush , it states that a survey report of the claimant’s house carried out by the defendant failed to advise on some structural damage to the property which resulted in the chimney breast collapsing. There was no contractual relationship between the claimant and defendant as the mortgage company arranged the survey and the claimant made payment to the mortgage company . The contract between the claimant and the mortgage company contained a clause exempting the surveyor from liability . In considering if such a clause was reasonable under the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 , the court took into account the fact that it was a modest house to be used as the family home and concluded that it was an unreasonable clause and therefore ineffective. The House of Lords held that it might be reasonable for a surveyor to exclude liability if the property was of higher value or to be used for investment or business purposes . According to this case law , they are generally relevant to question of reasonableness , here on of the factor is related to the bargaining strengths of the parties . (accessed on Smith v Eric Bush (1990) , 5/12/12) . In the case law of Woodman v Photo Trade Processing , Woodman sent wedding photographs to PTP for processing . The film was sent in an envelope which contained , printed on the outside , an exemption clause limiting liability to a replacement film . The film was lost due to negligence (it would now be considered as failure to exercise reasonable skill and care under s13 of the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982). W sued. The court decided that this limitation on liability was (in these circumstances) unreasonable, since it was due to negligence that the film was lost , and the consumer had no choice over the contract. Since this decision , most postal film companies offer a choice of paying extra for insurance . Even with this option , there have been cases where these companies have been held to be acting unreasonably , because the clause has tended to be hidden , in small print on the envelope. (accessed on economic truth .co.uk , 5/12/12 ) . According to these two case laws, it is relevant that Harry and Mike are two businesses and would appear to have equality of bargaining strengths. This strength can be used as an opposition for both the customer and a business or even for any small business or multinational. Another relevant factor would be whether Mike’s knew or ought to known of the clause, perhaps from the trade . The trial judge suggested that the clause would be more reasonable if the customer had a choice from a two tier service, one will low costs but a high risk , and one with more protection but at a premium . The basic idea from this is logical , and if Harry does in fact offer such a two tier service it would go in his favour . In Phillips v Hyland Slade LJ , it demonstrates the action of the [Unfair contract terms act (1977)] . The plaintiff hire an excavator and driver from the defendant ; the driver negligently drove the excavator into the plaintiff’s building , causing damage . When sued for damages , the defendant relied on an exclusion clause that disclaimed liability for negligent actions of drivers . The plaintiff argued that the exclusion clause was inadmissible under the UCTA , which states that a clause disclaiming liability for damage resulting from negligence must be shown to be reasonable . The defendants tried to argue that the clause at issue was a duty-defining clause , and not an exclusion clause at all . The court , acting in the spirit of the UCTA , deemed that the clause was defensive , not duty-defining , and therefore an exclusion clause under the Act . The defendant also claimed that the clause was reasonable , and could therefore be upheld even if it were construed as an exclusion clause . The court held that the plaintiff , which hired excavators only rarely , was not in a position to estimate the risk involved in doing so ; the defendants , however , were operating in their main line of business , and should have been able to assess the risk accurately and take insurance to cover it . The clause was therefore deemed unfair and struck out .(accessed on lawiki.org/index.php , 5/12/12) . This application of the test of reasonableness turns on the facts of each case and will not be treated as binding precedent . So if the cause if similar to Harry’s than he had satisfaction of previous test of reasonableness , that is not to be taken as an indication of the validity of Harry’s clause . At the last it is clearly stated that this case is also turns on its own facts . REFERENCE :- * Ailsa Craig fishing v Malvern fishing (1983) , http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/cases/Ailsa-Craig-fishing-v-Malvern-fishing.php , 5/12/12 . * Image of leadership and management , http://www.transitions coaching service.co.uk/page/1lko/about_us_ , 5/12/12. * Philips v Hyland Slade LJ (1987) , http://lawiki.org/index .php?title= Philips_ products_v_hyland_(1987)&action=edit ,5/12/12 . * Smith v Eric Bush (1990) 1 AC 831 , http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Smith-v-Eric-Bush.php ,5/12/12 . * Thompson v London ,Midland and Scotland Railway co , http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Thompson-v-London-Midland-and-Scotland-Railway-co.php , 5/12/12) . * Woodman v Photo Trade Processing 1981 , http://www.economic-truth.co.uk/?page_id=148 ,5/12/12 .